Health Professional Roles
How to Perform a Breast Examination A systematic breast examination is vital for the early detection of breast cancer and the assessment of benign breast disease. This examination requires high levels...
How to Perform a Mental State Examination (MSE) Medically Reviewed by Dr Andrew Stein MD, Consultant Physician (Hospital Specialist). Last updated: June 2026 The Mental State Examination (MSE) is the ...
How to Perform a Neurological Examination Performing a systematic limb examination is essential for identifying whether a neurological deficit originates from the Upper Motor Neurons (UMN) in the brai...
How to Perform a Cranial Nerve Examination Performing a systematic neurological examination is a sophisticated clinical skill used to localize lesions within the nervous system. This guide focuses on ...
How to Perform a Respiratory Examination Performing a systematic respiratory examination is essential for diagnosing conditions such as pneumonia, asthma, COPD, and lung malignancy. This guide follows...
Blood GFR and creatinine levels: how they are connected Understanding how your kidneys are functioning often comes down to two key terms you’ll see on a lab report: Creatinine and GFR (Glomerular Filt...
What is Normal GFR by Age and Gender? Medically Reviewed by Dr. Andrew Stein MD, Consultant Nephrologist (Hospital Kidney Specialist). Last updated: June 2026 Or, more specifically, what is an average...
What should your GFR be at 70 years old? Men aged 70 years: Average GFR is 81 ml/min (but a wide range: 58-94 ml/min) Women aged 70 years: GFR is 79 ml/min (but a wide range: 56-82 ml/min) How do we k...
Normal Cardiac Biomarker Levels : Causes of a High and Low Troponin and BNP Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes and proteins released into the bloodstream when the heart muscle is stressed or damaged. Whil...
Cardiac biomarkers – and how to interpret them Cardiac biomarkers are specific proteins and enzymes released into the bloodstream when the heart muscle is stressed or damaged. In modern medicine...
