Blood and Lymphatic
Does Chronic Kidney Disease Cause High Blood Pressure? Yes, CKD absolutely causea high blood pressure (hypertension) because damaged kidneys struggle to regulate fluid and salt, leading to fluid build...
Normal Cardiac Biomarker Levels : Causes of a High and Low Troponin and BNP Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes and proteins released into the bloodstream when the heart muscle is stressed or damaged. Whil...
Cardiac biomarkers – and how to interpret them Cardiac biomarkers are specific proteins and enzymes released into the bloodstream when the heart muscle is stressed or damaged. In modern medicine...
What is Normal Human pH? An arterial blood gas (ABG) being taken. This is how pH – and therefore acid-base (alklali) balance) – is determined. Normal human pH refers mainly to the pH of bl...
10 Common STIs – When to Worry and When to See a Doctor This is an overview of 10 common sexually transmitted conditions. But, let’s start with a definition. What are STIs? STIs (Sexually ...
Chest X-Ray in Heart Failure: ABCDE Mnemonic A chest X-ray (CXR) is a fundamental diagnostic tool for evaluating patients with suspected congestive heart failure (CHF). Whilst clinical assessment is v...
ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Interpretation | Including Case Studies This is simpler than it seems. Let’s start with the basics. The pH scale ranges from 1–14, where 1 is the strongest acid, 14 is t...
Normal Blood Bicarbonate Levels: Causes of High and Low Bicarbonate Bicarbonate (HCO3) is a vital electrolyte and a byproduct of the body’s metabolism. It acts as a chemical buffer, managed by t...
How to Stop Smoking | 10 Effective Ways to Quit Smoking Quitting smoking is challenging, but with the right strategies and support, you can successfully overcome your addiction. 7 Effective Strategies...
Normal oxygen saturation (‘sats’) Oxygen saturation, often referred to as “sats,” measures how much oxygen your red blood cells are carrying. In 2026, with the widespread use o...
