Blood and Lymphatic
What is Normal Saline – And How is it Used? Normal saline is a foundational tool in modern medicine, acting as a versatile “workhorse” for clinicians worldwide. Because it mimics the...
Is Normal Saline the Same as Sodium Chloride? A bag of normal saline, used as an IV fluid. No, ‘normal saline’ is not exactly the same as ‘sodium chloride’. While the terms are...
What Causes Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension)? Whilst high blood pressure is a common concern, low blood pressure (hypotension) can be just as serious. Understanding the underlying causes is vital bec...
Normal Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Levels What is an ABG? For analysis a small sample of arterial blood (approximately 2ml) taken via an intermittent ‘stab’ into an artery (usually at the wrist, see abo...
Prostate Cancer: 5 Common Signs and When to See a Doctor Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the UK, with more than 52,000 new cases diagnosed every year. Whilst many prostate cancers ...
A normal chest x-ray | the basics In this article we will describe what is a normal chest x-ray and how to interpret it. This is a normal chest x-ray (CXR). It is a PA and lateral chest x-ray of a hea...
A normal blood creatinine level A normal blood creatinine level is 60-120 mcmol/L (micromoles per litre). In the USA (and a few other countries), different (imperial) units are used, and the normal le...
A normal blood GFR level If you have ever looked at your blood test results, you likely saw a value labeled eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate). According to the CKD/GFR Classification, normal...
A normal blood HbA1c level A normal HbA1c level is below 42 mmol/mol. What is haemoglobin HbA1c? Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a blood test that measures your average blood glucose (sugar) level over the...
What is a Normal Blood Glucose Level? Understanding your blood sugar (glucose) levels is the first step in managing metabolic health. Blood glucose is the primary sugar found in your blood, acting as ...
