A Normal Blood Cholesterol Level
A normal blood cholesterol level Total cholesterol (chol) = 3-5 mmol/L – overall amount of cholesterol in your blood HDL (‘good’) cholesterol. Target level = >1 mmol/L – may make you le...
A normal blood cholesterol level Total cholesterol (chol) = 3-5 mmol/L – overall amount of cholesterol in your blood HDL (‘good’) cholesterol. Target level = >1 mmol/L – may make you le...
What Causes Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension)? Whilst high blood pressure is a common concern, low blood pressure (hypotension) can be just as serious. Understanding the underlying causes is vital bec...
Normal Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Levels What is an ABG? For analysis a small sample of arterial blood (approximately 2ml) taken via an intermittent ‘stab’ into an artery (usually at the wrist, see abo...
A normal chest x-ray | the basics In this article we will describe what is a normal chest x-ray and how to interpret it. This is a normal chest x-ray (CXR). It is a PA and lateral chest x-ray of a hea...
COPD: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) remains one of the most significant respiratory challenges globally. As of 2026, it is the third leading cause of death w...
What is normal respiratory rate? Normal Respiratory Rate = 15 breaths per minute (range = 12 to 18). A respiration rate under 12 or over 25 breaths per minute while resting may be a sign of an underly...
What is a normal heart rate? 60-100 beats per minute. In other words, there is no normal value – there is a normal range. A typical resting heart rate for adults ranges between 60 and 100 beats...
Is a Career in Cardiology Right for You?: 5 Pros and 5 Cons for Doctors and Students Cardiology is often described as the “surgical” wing of internal medicine. It sits at a unique crossroa...
What are the 10 most common blood thinning tablets? While we often call them “blood thinners,” these medications don’t actually change the thickness or viscosity of your blood. Inste...
How to Perform a Heart Examination Summary (‘PINHAT-CsAsT’) P – Pre-observation I – Introduction – start well N – Nails and fingers H – Handshake (diagnostic) and hand – radial pulse, rate, rhythm, ch...