May 6, 2026
When Should I Worry About Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
When Should I Worry About Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)? Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) can be a scary ...
5 Stages of CKD Below are the 5 stages in the CKD classification. The CKD stage describes the severity of the chronic kidney disease – the higher the grade (stage), the worse the kidney function. The ...
What are normal blood glucose and HbA1c levels? What is a normal blood glucose? Normal blood glucose = 4-6 mmol/L – and less than 8 mmol/L, two hours after a meal. Blood glucose in prediabetes and dia...
What is Chronic Kidney Disease (Definition)? It is a common misconception that Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a single diagnosis. In reality, it is a clinical syndrome—a collection of signs and sympt...
What is Normal Saline – And How is it Used? Normal saline is a foundational tool in modern medicine, acting as a versatile “workhorse” for clinicians worldwide. Because it mimics the...
Is Normal Saline the Same as Sodium Chloride? A bag of normal saline, used as an IV fluid. No, ‘normal saline’ is not exactly the same as ‘sodium chloride’. While the terms are...
Normal Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Levels What is an ABG? For analysis a small sample of arterial blood (approximately 2ml) taken via an intermittent ‘stab’ into an artery (usually at the wrist, see abo...
A normal blood creatinine level A normal blood creatinine level is 60-120 mcmol/L (micromoles per litre). In the USA (and a few other countries), different (imperial) units are used, and the normal le...
A normal blood GFR level If you have ever looked at your blood test results, you likely saw a value labeled eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate). According to the CKD/GFR Classification, normal...
A normal blood HbA1c level A normal HbA1c level is below 42 mmol/mol. What is haemoglobin HbA1c? Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a blood test that measures your average blood glucose (sugar) level over the...
What is a Normal Blood Glucose Level? Understanding your blood sugar (glucose) levels is the first step in managing metabolic health. Blood glucose is the primary sugar found in your blood, acting as ...
