What is Normal Human Urine Made Of?

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Diabetic woman using glucometer for checking blood sugar level at home.

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What is Normal Human Urine Made Of?

Human urine is 95% water – with the remaining 5% consisting of waste products, electrolytes (minerals), and other compounds.

Key components include urea, uric acid, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and chloride.

It also contains hormones, vitamins, and can include various bacteria.

Major components

Water: Makes up the vast majority of urine.
Urea: A nitrogen-containing waste product from the breakdown of protein.
Electrolytes (minerals): Salts like sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphate.
Uric acid: A waste product from the breakdown of nucleic acids.
Creatinine: A waste product from muscle metabolism.

Other components

Hormones: Such as oestrogen, cortisol, and HCG (in pregnant women).
Vitamins: Water-soluble vitamins like B and C.
Bacteria: Healthy urine contains low levels of bacteria, but a urinary tract infection (UTI) can lead to higher levels of disease-causing bacteria.
DNA: Soluble DNA fragments have been detected in urine.