Hantaviruses are a family of viruses spread mainly by rodents. While they do not cause disease in the host animals, they can cause serious, sometimes fatal, illnesses in humans. These illnesses generally fall into two categories: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), primarily found in the Americas, and Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS), more common in Europe and Asia.
Regarding the recent situation involving the MV Hondius, the specific strain is currently being identified to determine any potential for human-to-human transmission.
The primary route of infection is through the inhalation of aerosolised virus particles. When rodent urine, droppings, or nesting materials are disturbed, the virus becomes airborne. Humans can also be infected if the virus enters through broken skin, mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth), or—more rarely—through a bite from an infected rodent.
In almost all cases, hantaviruses are not contagious between humans. However, a specific strain in South America known as the Andes virus has shown the ability to spread through close, prolonged contact among family members or healthcare providers during rare outbreaks. For most international travelers and residents, the risk of person-to-person transmission remains extremely low.
Early symptoms are often “vague” and easily mistaken for the flu, including:
High fever and chills
Severe muscle aches (especially in the thighs, hips, and back)
Fatigue and dizziness
Gastrointestinal distress (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain)
Late-stage symptoms (4–10 days later) include a dry cough and severe shortness of breath as the lungs fill with fluid.
Because the virus takes time to replicate, symptoms typically appear between 1 and 8 weeks after exposure. This long window makes it important for individuals to track their travel history and any contact with rodent-infested areas if they begin to feel unwell.
Diagnosis can be challenging because early symptoms mimic other viral infections like influenza or COVID-19.
Doctors use a combination of clinical history (exposure to rodents) and laboratory tests, such as blood tests to look for hantavirus antibodies or the presence of viral RNA.
There is no specific antiviral cure or vaccine for hantavirus. Treatment is supportive care. Patients with severe respiratory distress are typically managed in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), where they may receive intubation and mechanical ventilation to help them breathe while their body fights the virus.
No. There is no evidence that hantavirus can be spread through casual social interactions, such as passing someone in the street, sitting in a classroom, or sharing a workplace. The risk is almost exclusively tied to direct exposure to rodent waste or, in the case of the Andes virus, very close and prolonged physical intimacy or caregiving.
The most effective way to prevent infection is rodent control.
Seal holes in your home to prevent entry.
Trap rodents using appropriate methods.
Clean infested areas safely: Never sweep or vacuum droppings, as this kicks up dust. Instead, wet the area with a bleach solution or disinfectant before wiping it up while wearing gloves and a mask.
If you have been in an area with known rodent activity and develop a fever, muscle aches, or shortness of breath, seek medical attention immediately. Inform your doctor of your potential exposure to rodents or your recent travel history.
Early medical intervention and supportive care significantly improve the chances of recovery.
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