What does the immune system do? The immune system is one of the most important parts of the body. Its your body’s defence mechanism, and works 24/7. But you cannot see it, touch it or feel it. The immune system protects the body from harmful substances and germs by recognising and responding to antigens: Identifying […]
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What is a normal human being? There is no such thing as a normal human being, as there is such a wide range of normality (both anatomy and physiology). Let’s look at those ranges. Anatomy Height – the average height of a man in England is 5’9″ (175.3 cm), and the average height of a […]
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When should I see a doctor about knee pain? For mild knee pain, you can try icing the area, elevating your leg, and wearing a compression knee support. You can also take aspirin, ibuprofen or naproxen for a few days. Compression knee support The knee joint is complicated as shown by the diagram below. So […]
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0.9% saline is neither normal nor physiological ‘Saline’ (also known as saline solution) is a mixture of sodium chloride (salt, NaCl) and water. The medical use of saline began around 1831. It is a not a new fluid. Saline is in the crystalloid family of fluids. It is most commonly used as a sterile solution […]
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What is normal human pH? Normal human pH = 7.40 (7.35-7.45). A lower number indicates an acidic tendency, a higher number indicates an alkalotic tendency. To maintain homeostasis, the human body employs many physiological adaptations. One of the most important is maintaining an acid-base balance. As we say, in the absence of disease, the pH […]
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When should I see a doctor about a bite (human or animal) or sting? Most bites (by animals or humans) or stings are not serious and you don’t need to see a doctor. They will get better within a few hours or days. But occasionally they can become infected, cause a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) […]
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What is normal human respiratory rate? 12 to 20 breaths per minute = normal respiratory rate for an adult at rest. Whereas, a normal respiratory rate for an infant is 30 to 60 breaths per minute. Factors affecting respiratory rate Age. Younger children typically have higher respiratory rates compared to adults Physical activity. Exercise increases […]
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What is normal human temperature? The average normal human body temperature is 37°C (range 36.5-37.3°C), measured orally. But it varies depending on how (and when) you take it, e.g. Rectal – about 0.27° to 0.38°C greater than oral temperature Axillary – about 0.55°C (less than the oral temperature. Body temperature can also vary throughout the […]
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What is a normal human heart rate? 60-100 beats per minute. In other words, there is no normal value. There is a normal range. A typical resting heart rate for adults ranges between 60 and 100 beats per minute (bpm). This range is widely accepted by both the British Heart Society (BHS) and the NHS. […]
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5 ways to measure body fat (that aren’t BMI) These other tools can help complete the picture: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) DEXA is an imaging test that measures bone density. You can use it to tell what percentage of your body is bone mass, muscle mass and body fat. Electronic body fat scanner Electronic body […]
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