Renal immunology blood tests This is the battery of blood tests that are usually done on patients with suspected glomerulonephritis – and what they are looking for. None are completely reliable, i.e. if they are positive/negative, the test does not fully diagnose/exclude the disease. A renal biopsy is almost always required to be certain of […]
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10 chronic glomerulonephritis facts In this article we will describe 10 facts about chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). 5 Key Points Chronic glomerulonephritis is a group of autoimmune kidney disorders characterised by inflammation and damage to the glomeruli, which are tiny filtering units (sieves) within the kidneys. It can lead to progressive kidney damage and eventual kidney […]
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Chest x-ray in pneumonia On a chest x-ray, pneumonia appears as an area of increased opacity or whiteness, indicating lung consolidation where air is replaced by fluid or pus. Here are some examples. Right Middle Lobe Consolidation Right Middle Lobe Pneumonia Right Lower Lobe Pneumonia Right Lower Lobe Pneumonia, Anterior Segment Right Lower Lobe Pneumonia, […]
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A normal magnesium level Magnesium (Mg) = 0.7–1.0 mmol/L. Magnesium is a mineral (metallic element) is found in every cell of your body, and is essential to life. It is vital to energy production, muscle contraction, nerve function, and maintenance of strong bones. About half of the body’s magnesium is combined with calcium and phosphate […]
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A normal haemoglobin (‘Hb’) level 130-170 g/L for a man 110-150 g/L for a woman. Note. So a normal haemoglobin (‘Hb’) is different for a man and woman – i.e. a Hb of 120 g/L is anaemia for a man, but normal for a woman. What is haemoglobin? Haemoglobin is an iron-rich protein in red […]
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A normal blood phosphate level A normal blood phosphate is 0.8-1.4 mmol/L. What is phosphate? Phosphate, or phosphorus, is a mineral that plays a vital role in many bodily functions, including: Bone and teeth formation: Phosphate is a key component of hydroxyapatite, the mineral that gives bones their strength and rigidity Energy production: Phosphate is […]
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People in 50s should focus on 4 big health factors People approaching 50 should be aware of the ‘big four’ health factors when it comes to keeping healthy in later life. If you look after yourself now, it will really help you, as you get older and more frail. 1. Self-help and screening Self-help (being […]
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5 patient types – and how to deal with them In this article we will describe the 5 patient types – and how to deal with them. Benefits of understanding patient types By understanding patient types, doctors can: Build rapport and trust with patients Improve patient satisfaction Enhance patient compliance with treatment plans Reduce the […]
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10 virus facts Here are 10 key facts about viruses: Definition: Viruses are tiny, infectious organisms that replicate inside the cells of living organisms, causing a range of diseases Structure: Viruses consist of a protein coat (capsid) surrounding a core of genetic material, either DNA or RNA Types: There are several types of viruses, including: […]
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10 bacteria facts E Coli bacteria Here are 10 key facts about bacteria. Definition: Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Instead of a nucleus, they have a nuclear region called a nucleoid where their DNA is located. Types: There are two main types of bacteria: Gram-positive (e.g. Staphylococcus […]
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