Blood and Lymphatic
Gitelman Syndrome – overview Gitelman syndrome (GS) is an inherited (autosomal recessive) salt-losing kidney disease characterised by: Increased potassium loss in the urine Hypokalaemia and hypo...
What should your GFR be at 70 years old? It may be 70-75 ml/min (+/- 10 ml/min) or less. This compares to the ‘normal’ level of 90-120 ml/min, according to the CKD/GFR classification. But ...
What is normal human GFR? This is an article for those of you who want to know more about normal human GFR (glomerular filtration rate). It is a very controversial area [“Oh no, not another one&...
Functions of the kidney 2: fluid balance Have you ever wondered what the kidneys do and why they’re so important? This article will cover what the kidneys are and one of the main functions of th...
Functions of kidney 6: vitamin D activation What does the activation of vitamin D have to do with the kidneys? What is activated vitamin D? What does it do? Read on to find the answers to these questi...
Functions of kidney 5: blood cells, anaemia and EPO What do the kidneys do? What do red blood cells and erythropoietin have to do with the kidneys? What’s renal anaemia? Read this article for the answ...
Functions of kidney 1: waste removal Have you ever wondered what the kidneys do and why they’re so important? This article will cover what the kidneys are and one of the main functions of the ki...
Lithium and chronic kidney disease: to stop or not to stop? In a recent paper this question has been debated again (Velani, 2023). Two cases are discussed. Lithium is the first-line treatment as a moo...
Kidney blood tests explained Keep track of your kidney data with PKB In this article, we will explain the commonly measured kidney blood tests, urine and other tests. Minerals Kidney function tests Ot...
Debates in nephrology: CKD staging system Introduction In 2002, the US National Kidney Foundation (NKF) released a new classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (Levey et al, 2003). This classifi...
