In this article we will describe what is metal illness.
Mental illnesses are health conditions involving changes in emotion, thinking, behaviour, or personality (or combination of these). Mental illnesses are associated with distress and/or problems functioning in social, work or family activities.
How common is mental illness?
If you need mental health care, first of all, you are in good company. Mental health problems are very, very common.
In fact, 20% of adults experience conditions like depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and panic disorders. And over 7 million people in the UK are taking anti-depressant tablets (17% of population). It is the largest single cause of disability.
Can I diagnose my own mental illness?
You should not try and diagnose and treat your own problem. Early assessment by your GP or a mental health professional is important. There are 7 common mental health problems, with typical symptoms. Here they are. This is a general guide only.
Depression
Anxiety disorders – such as generalised and social anxiety disorders, panic attacks, and phobias
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Bipolar disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Schizophrenia
Personality disorders.
We will now go through how to diagnose which is your mental health problem (by its typical symptoms) – if you have one.
Depression – symptoms may include:
Not caring about things one used to
Feeling sad, down, angry or hopeless most of the day, nearly every day. It is normal to feel down on and off. This is not depression
Loss of appetite, weight loss or gain
Sleeping too much or too little
Fatigue/lack of energy
Feelings of guilt or worthlessness
Forgetfulness
Confusion
Moving and speaking less and more slowly than usual
Restlessness or have trouble staying still
Thoughts of death or suicide. If this is the case, please go to your nearest A&E department, or contact your Mental Health Crisis Team (if you have one). This is more information on how to get urgent mental health care
Anxiety Disorders – symptoms may include:
Worry
Fear. Anxiety is defined as ‘unreasonable fear’. Fear is normal if it appropriate for the cause of it, and you are in danger. That is temporary and not anxiety
Feeling ‘on edge
Muscle tension
Stomach aches
Chest tightness or pain (see a doctor if this occurs – chest pain may be a sign of a medical emergency)
Fear of embarrassment
Blushing
Sweating, trembling and a rapid heart rate (palpitations)
Headache and dizziness
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – symptoms may include:
Obsessions
Repetitive and persistent thoughts (e.g., of contamination), images (e.g., of violent or horrific scenes), or urges (e.g., to stab someone)
These are not voluntary or pleasurable
Patients with OCD attempt to ignore, avoid, or suppress obsessions or to neutralise them with another thought or action (e.g. performing a compulsion)
Compulsions
Repetitive behaviours (e.g. washing, checking) or mental acts (e.g. praying, counting, repeating words silently) that a person feels compelled to perform in relation to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly or to achieve a sense of ‘completeness’
Compulsions are not connected in a realistic way to the feared event or are clearly excessive.
Bipolar Disease – symptoms may include:
Patients may alternate between depression (see above) and mania.
Mania
Feeling abnormally and persistently happy, angry, hyperactive, impulsive, and irrational at different times
Feelings of special powers and superiority
Decreased need for sleep
Restlessness
Excessive talking
Increased activity
Racing thoughts
Short attention span
Inappropriate laughing or joking
Getting into arguments
Inappropriate spending sprees or sexual activity
Post-traumatic stress disorder – symptoms may include:
Reliving the trauma: memories, nightmares, or flashbacks
Feeling ‘numb’
Avoiding certain people or places
Intense feelings, such as anger, fear, or worry
Trouble sleeping (insomnia).
Schizophrenia – symptoms may include:
Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there, including paranoid ones)
Delusions (false beliefs, including paranoid ones)
Disorganised thoughts or speech
Lack of emotion and or changes in facial expression
Minimal movement or talking
Poor hygiene
Lack of interest in spending time with people or having fun
Problems learning and remembering
Difficulty understanding speech or other forms of communication
Difficulty making sense of new information
Difficulty solving problems.
Personality disorders – symptoms may include:
Mood swings
Angry outbursts
Social anxiety causing difficulty making friends
Needing to be the centre of attention
Feeling of being cheated or taken advantage of
Lack of impulse control/difficulty delaying gratification
Not feeling there is anything wrong with one’s behaviour (ego-syntonic symptoms)
Externalising and blaming the world for one’s behaviours and feelings.
What causes mental illness? There is no one single cause. They are usually complicated and due to a combination of factors. For example, these are known causes or risk factors for the development of mental health disorders:
Genetics or a family history of the disorder
Environment – i.e. things (life events) that have happened recently in your life
Chemical imbalance in the brain – e.g. low serotonin levels in depression
Alcohol and drug abuse
Stressful circumstances during childhood
Poverty and low levels of social support.
How are mental illnesses diagnosed?
Mental illnesses are usually diagnosed by a mental health professional; such as a psychologist, counsellor (NHS ones are called IAPTs) or psychiatrist. Such disorders generally have to meet certain criteria as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5).
Summary
We have described what is mental illness. You may now be able to start to diagnose your mental health problem, if you have one. But you should not try to diagnose and treat the illness on your own. Early assessment by your GP or a mental health professional is important. The articles below will show you how to get NHS care for your problem.